Transport across a membrane

Transport across a membrane Transport across a membrane occurs by one of two opposite means, actively or passively. Active transport requires the cell to utilise cellular energy in the form of ATP, in order to employ protein pumps or engage in the activity of endo / exocytosis. Passive transport therefore occurs with no energy expenditure by the cell, where molecules exit or enter the cell using kinetic energy, or protein channels. To this effect passive transport encompasses, osmosis, diffusion of a solute across a membrane, facilitated diffusion and transport of an ion down an electrochemical gradient. The reasoning for this is outlined below. Intrinsic homeostasis at a cellular and molecular level is achieved when the cell is in an isotonic environment where the internal solute concentration of a cell is in equilibrium with the external, extra cellular environment, solute concentration and there is no net movement of water in any direction. A change in concentration of solute, initiates transport across the membrane in order to achieve equilibrium once again. The cell membrane is a structure designed in such a way to allow passage of molecules and ions in and out of the cell, to and from the extracellular fluid, whilst keeping essential components such as organelles and ribosomes within its boundary. It is comprised of a phospho lipid bi-layer, in which are embedded a variety of carrier and channel proteins. The lipid bi-layer acts as a barrier to molecules in both directions and the proteins allow entrance and exit of select molecules. (www.faculty.weber.edu/jclark1/mem%20 Permeability. PDF 25.11.09) Some chemicals will traverse the membrane, such as water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, small polar molecules and lipids and others such as ions, amino acids, large polar and macromolecules will not and the membrane is effectively selectively permeable. (www.staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/cells/transport.html 25.11.09) The most basic category of passive transport is that of diffusion of a solute across a membrane. Molecules that move across the membrane in this manner are more soluble in oil than in water and hence effortlessly ‘dissolve in and spontaneously cross the non polar lipid core of the membrane bi layer Examples of these molecules are steroid hormones, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (www. Biologyreference.com/Ma-MO/membrane-Transport.html 26.11.09) during the process of diffusion, ‘molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient in order to achieve equilibrium. This is achieved by kinetic energy of the molecules whi ch are in Brownian motion. An increase in temperature causes the rate of diffusion to increase causing equilibrium to be achieved more quickly as kinetic energy increases. Size and type of molecule also has a bearing on the rate as the smaller the molecule the faster it will diffuse. Osmosis is purely ‘the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential'(www.biologymad.com/resources-getting in and out of cells 25.11.09) In an isotonic surrounding there is no net movement of water molecules in either direction as there is no concentration gradient, however in a hypertonic solution where the concentration of solutes is higher and hence the water potential is more negative than the cell, water molecules from within the cell will move down the ‘water potential gradient to the extracellular fluid in order to achieve equilibrium. This can be shown in laboratory conditions by placing red blood cells in a hypertonic solution and observing them. Over time the cells will crenate as the water molecules exit the cell. Similarly if cells are in a hypotonic solution where the concentration of solutes is lower, the water potential is higher and hence the cells now have a more negative water potential and water will be taken into the cell by osmosis down the water potential gradient. Red blood cells left in a hypotonic solution and observed will show nothing under the microscope over time, as the cells eventually undergo cytolysis. (www.biologymad.com/resources-getting in and out of cells 25.11.09). Unfortunately most molecules cannot cross the membrane by straightforward diffusion alone as they are either too large, insoluble in lipid or they carry a charge which is repelled by the surface of the membrane. They therefore undergo facilitated diffusion, a mechanism by which passive transport still occurs without energy expenditure of the cell, but where the molecules are assisted across by groups of proteins inherent to the membrane. Facilitated diffusion still occurs down the concentration gradient but is specific to the molecule being facilitated. A carrier protein is specific to a particular molecule or class of molecules,(www.users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ulyranet/biologypages/d/diffusion.html#facilitated 26.11.09) where the molecule binds to the protein which in turn changes shape to enable the molecule to cross the membrane. An example of this being the transport of glucose into the cell. Once inside the cell glucose phosphate is manufactured for which there is no carrier prote in and hence glucose cannot pass back out of the cell. In this case equilibrium will never be reached. . (www.biologymad.com/resources-getting in and out of cells 25.11.09). In the case of transport of an ion down the electrochemical gradient, Ions transit from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration again through facilitated diffusion with the aid of intrinsic proteins called ion channels. Without these channels charged molecules such as K+ Na+ would be repelled by the charge on the membrane. Transmembrane channels that allow facilitated diffusion, can be permanently open, or can be closed and opened as in neurones, and as such are known as ‘gated, they open or close in reaction to a ligand, a signalling molecule which can be either extracellular or intracellular. It is the gated mechanism that allows a nerve impulse to pass along a neurone. Sometimes however it is necessary for cells to transport molecules against the gradient by the use of carrier proteins, known as protein pumps. They are akin to those of facilitated diffusion, except they are working against the gradient and therefore energy in the form of ATP is expended by the cell in the doing so. This process is known as Active Transport. In all the cases outlined above the objective of passive transport has been to transport molecules across the semi permeable membrane down a concentration gradient, without expenditure of energy to the cell, and, passive transport can be demonstrated by diffusion of a solute, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and transport of an ion down an electrochemical gradient.

Booker T. Washingtons Influence on Historically Black Colleges Essays

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON: THE AMBIGUITY OF INFLUENCE ABSTRACT My paper will discuss the continuing influence of Booker T. Washington's writings on historically black colleges. While my paper will focus on the ways in which the historically black college continues to adhere to the model provided by Washington, it will also explore the ways in which it diverges from the early Hampton-Tuskegee ideal. According to James D. Anderson in The Education of Blacks in the South, both contemporary observers and later historians have portrayed the white south as taking a monolithic view of black education. However, many secondary schools in the south did not emphasize the kind of industrial education advocated by Washington. In the same manner, the historically black college no longer places the emphasis on vocational training it did at one time. However, there are still advocates for Washington's model although the training under discussion is in technical fields. Washington's influence can also be found in the importance often placed on action in hi storically black colleges, such as mine, which can undermine attempts on the part of faculty to pursue a life of the mind. At the same time, stimulating new influences emerging from African-American studies are changing and enhancing the campus culture enriching both students and faculty. My paper will conclude by considering the influence of honors programs as well as multi-ethnic and multi-cultural student bodies and faculties on the future directions of the historically black college. INTRODUCTION The freedmen and women of the Ante-Bellum South had a thirst and hunger for knowledge known by few; often learning from another freedman who had just learned to read himself, freed... ... bonds to a past and to an American tradition erase all personal feelings of self-aggrandizement and intellectual pride, a place where the self encounters the struggle of America's past, a place where the soul grows deep like the rivers. WORKS CITED Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1988. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. 1903. New York: Penguin Books, 1989. Sims, Serbrenia J. Diversifying Historically Black Colleges and Universities: A New Higher Education Paradigm. Westport: Greenwood P, 1994. Washington, Booker T. A Sunday Evening Talk. Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. 15. Jan. 1911. Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery. 1901. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1963. Willie, Charles V., and Edmonds, Ronald R. Black Colleges in America. New York: Teachers College Press, 1978.

Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry Essay

Following India’s growing openness, the arrival of new and existing models, easy availability of finance at relatively low rate of interest and price discounts offered by the dealers and manufacturers all have stirred the demand for vehicles and a strong growth of the Indian automobile industry. The data obtained from ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 2001- 02 in automobile production continuing in the first three quarters of the 2004-05. Annual growth was 16. 0 per cent in April-December, 2004; the growth rate in 2003-04 was 15. 1 per cent The automobile industry grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent between 1992 and 1997. With investment exceeding Rs. 50,000 crore, the turnover of the automobile industry exceeded Rs. 59,518 crore in 2002-03. Including turnover of the auto-component sector, the automotive industry’s turnover, which was above Rs. 84,000 crore in 2002-03, is estimated to have exceeded Rs. 1,00,000 crore ( USD 22. 74 billion) in 2003-04. Automobile Dealers Network in India In terms of Car dealer networks and authorized service stations, Maruti leads the pack with Dealer networks and workshops across the country. The other leading automobile manufactures are also trying to cope up and are opening their service stations and dealer workshops in all the metros and major cities of the country. Dealers offer varying kind of discount of finances who in tern pass it on to the customers in the form of reduced interest rates. Major Manufacturers in Automobile Industry Maruti Udyog Ltd. General Motors India Ford India Ltd. Eicher Motors Bajaj Auto Daewoo Motors India Hero Motors Hindustan Motors Hyundai Motor India Ltd. Royal Enfield Motors Telco TVS Motors DC Designs Swaraj Mazda Ltd Government has liberalized the norms for foreign investment and import of technology and that appears to have benefited the automobile sector. The production of total vehicles increased from 4. 2 million in 1998- 99 to 7. 3 million in 2003-04. It is likely that the production of such vehicles will exceed 10 million in the next couple of years. The industry has adopted the global standards and this was manifested in the increasing exports of the sector. After a temporary slump during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of well over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a-half times the export figure for 2001-02. Automobile Export Numbers Category1998-991998-99Passenger Car25468121478Multi Utility Vehicles26543892Commercial Vehicles1010819931Two Wheelers100002256765Three Wheelers2113851535Percentage Growth-16. 632. 8 THE KEY FACTORS BEHIND THIS UPSWING Sales incentives, introduction of new models as well as variants coupled with easy availability of low cost finance with comfortable repayment options continued to drive demand and sales of automobiles during the first two quarters of the current year. The risk of an increase in the interest rates, the impact of delayed monsoons on rural demand, and increase in the costs of inputs such as steel are the key concerns for the players in the industry. As the players continue to introduce new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and focus on exports will be critical for the performance of their respective companies. The auto component sector has also posted significant growth of 20 per cent in 2003-04, to achieve a sales turnover of Rs. 30,640 crore (US$ 6. 7 billion). Further, there is a potential for higher growth due to outsourcing activities by global automobiles giants. Today, this sector has emerged as another sunrise sector. EVEN GROWTH Opposing the belief that the growth in automobile industry has catered only to the top income-stratum of society, Growth of exports of 32. 8 % in the first three quarters of 2004-05, the fastest growth in volumes has come from commercial vehicles as against passenger cars. Between 1998-99 and 2003-04, output of commercial vehicles has grown 2. 8 times compared to the 2. 2 times increase in passenger cars. Furthermore, two-wheeler output continues to dominate the volume statistics of the sector. In 2003-04, for every passenger car turned out by the sector, there were 7 two-wheelers produced. In the two wheeler segment, there is a greater preference for motorcycles followed by scooters, with both production and domestic sales of motorcycles increasing at faster rates than for scooters in the current and previous years. However, mopeds have registered low or negative growth. Export growth rates have been high both for motorcycles and scooters.

The Mental Health Act By Charlie Gordon - 1001 Words

In 1959, the Mental Health Act was passed to stop the difference in mental hospital and other hospitals. Before this act mental illnesses were looked at differently. People with mental disabilities were put in asylums. Now the world sees that differently because we include them in everyday life. In Flowers for Algernon, Charlie Gordon experiences having a mental illness, and learns how to live a normal life after a life changing surgery. Charlie’s surgery changes his life for the rest of his life. Charlie Gordon lived in New York City at the age of 32 with a mental disability. He attend Beekman College Center for Retarded Adults to try to learn to read and write. His teacher, Miss Alice Kinnian, suggested him to take part in an†¦show more content†¦Donner, fire Charlie. He also learns the social skill love. He sees Miss Kinnian as his love, but she tells him that she is the only women in his life that he know well, and to go talk to other women. He eventually does this and finds interest in other women but they don t go very well. The Charlie before the surgery didn’t know much about his childhood, but the smarter Charlie had flashbacks of his childhood like how his mother used to love him but then didn’t and sent him away. One day he ventures to go see his father in his barber shop, but his father doesn’t recognize him and Charlie leaves without revealing who he is. Charlie then realizes that he needs to be put on the committee of this experimen t because he thinks he sees a flaw in the experiment which he later proves to be true. He proves that he will slowly fall back to the stage he was at before the operation. Just about right after he finishes this, Algernon dies and Charlie buries him in his backyard. Before he stops progressing and starts degressing he goes to visit his mother and sister. After regressing back to his old self, he goes to get his job back at the bakery. After seeing Alice again at the school, he thinks people feel sorry for him and goes to live in the Warren State Home. Charlie experiences drastic changes throughout the story. All of them are mentally due to the experimental operation he had. In the

Operation Management - 2295 Words

| | | | | | Operations Management MGT 6170 Final essay Southern Toro Distributor Student: Hoang Xuan Linh Class: CMU 12A Total pages: 10 Score SECTION 1: CASE SUMARY Gioe Melaney is the general director of Southern Toro – a subsidiary company included in the distribution system of Toron Coporation in Galveston, Taxas. The case†¦show more content†¦Second, the classification in inventory management is still inaccurate. That results in some problems such as: the severe lack of some products which are in growing demand (1 inch valve series 230), the redundancy making storage expenses go up and the stagnancy in storage area (to products like gear driven rotary and monitor controller) Third, , under the circumstance that Toro doesn’t have adequate conditions for goods inventory, in a bid to avoid out-of-stock situations and failure to supply goods for customers, the company could resort to use receipts of other distributors. 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The Ethics Of The Code Of Ethics - 927 Words

In a professional setting, both business and social agencies work within the ethical code that reflect their professional view and role in a society. Most decision making is human services are made based on their own specific ethics (Brody Nair, 2014). Ethics are not simply expectations of leadership, but an essence of leadership because leaders have a responsibility to produce something good or harm, or make a social change (Manning, 2003). However, government and business agencies are often in ethical dilemmas, and it could make a negative impact to achievement in organizations (Brody Nair, 2014). Thus, it is significantly important for effective leaders in human services to follow the code of ethics. Leaders must identify their personal and professional morale, value, and ethics and integrate them into organization’s policies and practices so that employee can keep their morale higher and produce higher level of services to the society (Brody Nair, 2014; Manning, 2003). Leaders can use the multidimensional ethical framework to palliate ethical dilemmas so that organizations can achieve their goals with fewer negative impact. (Brody Nair, 2014; Manning, 2003). According to Manning (2003), the multidimensional ethical system for leadership has similar function of the social system theory. Within social system theory, social system is considered as a set of interrelated activities through a society. 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Talent Management for Total Quality Management- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTalent Management for Total Quality Management. Answer: What does talent mean. Talent is important to executive managers/ distributors of ABC Distribution since talent helps the employees work in unity with the help of team dynamics. With a systematic usage of talent one can easily hope for high performance level in order to elevate ABC Distribution at a global pane. It is however the responsibility of the management to ensure that they are attracting the right talent to maximize the potential of selected employees. In case of talent management and utilizing it for the best interest of the company the executive managers should look after the development of an organizational culture that can nurture and flourish the growth of talent in ABC Distribution. Addressing the question of talent The success of a company hugely inclines on its capacity to identify and retain talent within the company. However, in order to achieve a better vision of talent within the company one of the primary goal is to check whether the employees are motivated enough to align the values and mission of ABC Distribution. The talented employees should feel a strong inter-relation with the companys long-term goals and missions so that they can strategically invest their talent and potential to reinforce companys success strategies (Sekaran). The responsibility to generate a systematic development of ABC Distribution, it is the responsibility of both the employees and the management to devise and implement core values keeping in consideration the employees and their skills. Management should foster a work culture that is purpose driven and performance centered so that the employees feel equally committed in achieving the long term goals of ABC Distribution, and push the company towards the pillar of success. Middle management and talent The middle management which generally consists of Chief Operating officer, and Chief Executive Officer should play a vital role in defining the scope of talent within ABC Distribution. It is only with the help of an active collaboration on the part of executive and middle management that the company will be able to retain capable and potential employees. However as a part of talent management process it is also the function of the middle management to define leadership criteria and point out competencies to make the best use of new opportunities in the market. Here are some of the ways by which one can implement strategic vision of talent: A proper identification of the drivers and challenges of ABC Distribution that are having a considerable impact on achieving the organizational goals. The management should be thoroughly notified of the key findings in order to devise strategies in a collaborative manner to improve the overall performance. A clear analysis of HR goals and its function in making the organization achieve the best. It will also help the management to assess where the organization positions itself today and where it wants to in the next couple of years. This step would help the management in taking planned action to fill the gaps, by restructuring the workforce or by implementing new policies or guidelines to motivate the workforce. Main reasons for employee turnover: Some of the significant reasons leading to employee turnover are: Work-life Imbalance: an imbalanced work life schedule can ultimately result in employee de-motivation and their loss of faith from the organization. If the employee is being continuously burdened with work it affects the overall well-being of the employee resulting in low productivity, increasing employee dissatisfaction and finally employee resignation (Sekaran). Misalignment- this refers to the wrong selection of candidate or not identifying properly the talent and skills required by the employee to fulfill the job role. This could both affect their performance and give birth to conflict between management and employee(s). High rotation level and talent management In my opinion, high rotation level has an adverse role to play while implementing talent management processes. This is mainly due to the insertion of new employees who fail to understand the organizations visions and goals. With employee rotation the coherence and team dynamic fail to work coherently which in turn affects the previously implemented talent management strategies on behalf of ABC Distribution. Talent management requires a smooth implementation of strategies and policies on the part of human resource which is determined by a number of factors like qualities of the existing workforce. With employee rotation the structure of the workforce disintegrates resulting in the failure of talent management strategies. How to retain talent? Organizational culture: as per my opinion the impact of company culture on employee retention is essential and should be fostered by the management level. A transparent relationship between the management and employee, down the hierarchical level is essential to facilitate communication and avoid internal conflicts. This could prevent frequent turnover of employees. Rewards and Recognition: this would not only retain existing talent but would also increase the morale of the employees in working with utmost dedication and sincerity. Encouraging employee efforts and recognizing their potential will also boost the willpower of other employees (Anitha and Begum). HR tools to attract talent As an HR specialist here are some tools to attract suitable candidates Employee screening tools- one of the many benefits of pre-selection screening tools is that it helps me discovering the right candidate (Cascio). According to me, the process helps in saving time and making the best decision. Skills assessment screening test- certain job require a specific set of skills and talents and therefore it is the responsibility of the HR to develop software for testing the merit of employees. This would smooth the decision making process and result in the right selection of candidate. Cognitive ability tests are central prior to selecting employees for responsible job positions (Zientara). Importance of technological resources Technology is important in business organizations because it enhances the mode of communication with the customers and enables in a quick interaction between the client and company (Deery, Margaret, and Jago). Implementation of technology also reduces the frequent occurrences of error in record-keeping, operational works like calculating storage cost, facilitating a smooth way of conducting meeting. Recommendations I would recommend the executive managers to improve business relation with clients by using technology as the dynamic medium. It can also be incorporated to improve the security level for the preservation of confidential data and information. This can safely assure that none of the forthcoming projects or financial transactions are getting hampered by beach of data. If some of the projects are in need of new opportunities and market, the company can easily explore the best with the help of technology. As internet allows for virtual travelling of companies or start-ups into new markets today companies are adhering by technological advancements (Zientara). However these technologies should only be made use of after thorough consideration of monetary aspects and whether it has the capacity to fulfill the needs of ABC Distribution. The agility and productivity of an organization would only be improved if it is compatible with the different organizational aspects. How to approach CEO? I would call for a meeting with CEO and executive directors to engage about the necessity to align organizational culture so that it syncs with the expansion process of ABC Distribution. In the meeting the importance of maintaining a proper organizational culture before establishing talent management rules and strategies will be discussed. Special emphasis would also be given to how during a massive change in the organization, the culture gets affected along with its ideals and principles (Papa et al.). In that environment talent managers should recognize how to customize the culture to achieve the organizational goals and missions. The leaders or management needs to be concise regarding the cultural ideals and allocation of resources in order to clarify the values and utilization of employee potential. A mismanagement organizational culture discourages employee communication which could severely disrupt employee performance (Sekaran). It is therefore that any kind of TM strategies w ill not be effective here. Strategic vision and pre-requisite for talent management.. The strategic vision of ABC Distribution is to expand its economy and therefore increase the number of employees that it is hiring. The case study indicates that for successful team management the organization ABC Distribution should adhere by these steps: Establishing Smooth Communication: for the proper conveyance of company strategies and mission it is important for the leaders to stick by a smooth interaction with the employees (Jamali et al.). He/she should be able to assert authority and motivate the employees for smooth operation of ABC Distribution. Talent Recognition Programs- this would help the employees to perform their best by developing and utilizing new skills and working on their potential (Papa et al.). If the management wants to foster better teamwork, he/she should ensure that every member of the team is getting full appreciation for the efforts and hard work to expect more in the future. Motivation of existing employees is an important factor in improving team congruence and pushing the organization towards success. Establishing a Clear Structure: this would help the employees to have a clear idea regarding the different hierarchical level of the company and how each level function with proper co-ordination with each other. This would also clarify them regarding their job roles and pre-requisite of their position. 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